ellestra | Entries tagged with nobel

It's Wednesday at the beginning of October so it means all the science Nobel Prize winners have been announced. So here they are the winners of this year award for Medicine, Physics and Chemistry.

The Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded one half jointly to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites" and the other half to Youyou Tu "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria". The diseases caused by parasites are still killing and maiming people. Roundworms cause disfigurements that are stuff of nightmares (and a clickbait for the countless website showing you worms in eyes and scrotum dragging behind a man - no link here you can google it if you think you can take it the BBC article is bad enough) and malaria is infecting hundreds of millions and killing hundreds of thousands every year (and those who die are mostly children). Anything that helps to fight these diseases makes our world markedly better. Ivermectin kills the first larval stage of the roundworm parasite and artemisinin is active during the stage when the parasite is located inside red blood cells. Both helped millions and continue to do so still but as always the danger of resistance looms so the research for new ways to get rid of these parasites is still crucial. Youyou Tu's discovery also shows that when something works it's no longer alternative medicine - it's just medicine.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 was awarded jointly to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass". This is for discovery that neutrinos can change flavours (this is how neutrinos types are described) and the ability to do that explained why we observed different quantity of each flavour than expected. It also meant that the baffling particles must have a mass. I always liked how they hunted for neutrinos in those underground caves and the man who had the idea how to do it and that neutrinos have flavours and can switch between them was a Cold War spy.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 was awarded jointly to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair". I've been working in DNA repair most of my science career and one of the laureates work at the same university (and another one just next door) so I feel especially close to this one. This is the award for research on 3 main pathways of DNA repair - BER, NER and MMR. The first one is Base Excision Repair - if the DNA bases are damage (by for example oxydation) and change their properties the DNA cannot function properly so special enzymes remove the bad base and replace it with another. Nucleotide Excision Repair works in the very similar way but excises the whole nucleotides. The difference between base and nucleotide is that the base is just the A, T, C and G by themselves. Nucleotide includes also sugar that forms the structural skeleton of DNA. NER usually removes larger part of the DNA strand and then rebuilds it because the damage (like UV dimers) was so extensive it caused the deformation of the DNA structure. Mismatch Repair happens when the wrong type of base is incorporate into DNA. The bases always pair A with T and G with C. If the wrong base is incorporated then MMR comes to fix it which corrects polymerase errors and reduces replication errors 1000-fold. I'm not sure if I explain it simple enough. I spent so many years staring at the schematics of this pathways that everything seems to simplified to me. Sorry.

It's Nobel season again and now that we know all the important ones (sorry, I don't feel the same excitement for Literature, Peace or Economy prizes). So here they are:

The Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine was awarded for the discovery cells that make up a positioning system in the brain. They are responsible for our ability to create a mental map of the surrounding space and our ability to navigate it. John O'Keefe, from University College London, work on mice allowed him to discovered the first part of the brain's internal positioning system - "place cells" located in the hippocampus that formed a map within the brain. May-Britt and Edvard Moser, from Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, discovered "grid cells" that help the brain to judge distance and navigate.

The Nobel Prize in physics was awarded for invention of efficient blue LEDs which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources. Isamu Akasaki, of Meijo University in Nagoya and Nagoya University, Japan; Hiroshi Amano, of Nagoya University, Japan; and Shuji Nakamura of the University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA were able to achieve something that others have been trying to do foe decades. They finally produced bright blue light beams from their semi-conductors in the early 1990s which combined with already existing red and green LEDs allowed for creating efficient white light sources.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for improving the resolution of optical microscopes. Eric Betzig of Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Stefan W. Hell of Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry and the German Cancer Research Center; and William E. Moerner of Stanford University developed super-resolved fluorescence microscopy which allows to study tissues at the level of single molecules and allow for creating 3D pictures of those cells with nanometre accuracy.

This also made me realise that I've been slacking and haven't mentioned this year's Ig Nobels which were particurarly strong this year.

Physics Prize went to authors studying how slippery banana peals are.

Neuroscience Prize was awarded for researching why people see Jesus in toasts and the Psychology one went to scientist showing that the psychopaths stay up late.

In the cats and dogs research Public Health Prize was awarded for investigating if living with a cat is a danger to one's mental health and Biology Prize went to those who published that dogs prefer to align their body axis with Earth's north-south geomagnetic field lines when they defecate and urinate.

Art Prize for checking if people, shot in the hand by a powerful laser beam, feel more pain when looking on ugly painting or pretty one and Medicine Prize for treating nosebleeds with packing the nose with strips of cured pork.

Nutrition Prize for the study titled "Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Infant Faeces as Potential Probiotic Starter Cultures for Fermented Sausages."

The one that really made me LOL was the Arctic Prize for testing how reindeer react to seeing humans who are disguised as polar bears.

But nothing beats Italian government's National Institute of Statistics that got the Economics Prize for taking the lead in fulfilling the European Union mandate for each country to increase the official size of its national economy by including revenues from prostitution, illegal drug sales, smuggling, and all other unlawful financial transactions between willing participants. Guess who didn't accept their award?

Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded for cell package delivery system - vesicles. Membranes not only separate cells from outside but also create separate compartments inside the cell - most notably nucleus and mitochondria - but there is also long series of something that looks almost like a tube system. Ribosomes stick to part of it and produce proteins. Those proteins end up inside and can be transported inside but the system is long and twisted. Just like it's faster to take a ferry from Gdańsk to Stockholm then drive all around the Baltic Sea it is faster to send a stuff packaged from one compartment to the other. In a vesicle. That transport is highly regulated and used for many different things. That's how cells absorb the food from outside, how they spit out and absorb hormones and how they transport transmembrane proteins. All the countless ours I spent learning how the phagocytosis and endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus worked I never thought about people who made all those discoveries. It's funny how at some point things like that become basic knowledge of the subject - something you just know.

Prof James Rothman, from Yale University, found proteins embedded in the vesicles which act as the docking mechanism meaning the cargo is released in the correct location. Prof Randy Schekman, from the University of California at Berkeley, discovered the genes which regulated the transport system in yeast. He found that mutations in three genes resulted in a "situation resembling a poorly planned public transport system". Prof Thomas Sudhof, originally from Germany but now at Stanford University in the US, made breakthroughs in how the transport system works in the brain so that neurotransmitters are released at the precise time.

I was disappointed at the journalist disappointment because this is a very important system in the cell and the basic science Nobels are the ones touching the most important subjects.

Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to people who theorized existence of Higgs boson - Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, UK, and François Englert of the Free University of Brussels, Belgium, have won for developing the theory of how particles acquire mass. The theory is 50 years old but the experimental confirmation is brand new - not even a year old - so the delay in the announcement wasn't that surprising. Ever since few spectacular mistakes at the beginning Nobel committee has preference for waiting long enough to see that no one disproves it and that multiple sources can repeat the results. Still this was a big thing in physics and a long awaited one. And if they didn't do it now there might've not been another chance. Both laureates are in their 80s and Nobels are not given to dead people. I'm most disappointed in comparisons of the problems of finding Peter Higgs for comment during his vacation with the search for Higgs boson.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry went to theoretical chemists for devising computer simulations to understand chemical processes. Michael Levitt, a British-US citizen of Stanford University; US-Austrian Martin Karplus of Strasbourg University; and US-Israeli Arieh Warshel of the University of Southern California will share the prize. Modelling molecules is becoming a bigger and bigger thing in drug production where new molecular compounds are first tested for possible uses and molecular interactions before spending money on costly synthesis. It can also help predict protein shape and function which helps to understand how cell processes actually work. Those programs use the equations of quantum physics to simulate reactions as closely to reality as possible. It of course requires vast amounts of computing power to describe every electron and atomic nucleus so these detailed models are limited to small molecules with just a few atoms. To model larger molecules we still need to use classical computer models but they do not include descriptions of molecules' energy states, which is vital for simulating reactions. Still they both allow us to sift faster through the possibilities then any RL experiment and concentrate on most plausible possibilities making discoveries faster and drugs (just a little) cheaper.

I have to give a presentation tomorrow so I just wanted to post this nice explanation of this year's Physics Nobel

European Union got the Peace Nobel Price. The Nobel Peace Prize 2012 was awarded to European Union (EU) "for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe". Unlike the others this is awarded in Oslo which makes it a little funny as Norwegians have been consistently rejecting joining the EU for years (and are even less interested now). On the other hand when I thing all that joining did for Poland both as a country and for each of us and all that it did for the stability and cooperation on the continent I admit that I'm happy about this. I'm proud to be EU citizen. I hope to be one my whole life.

In local news, few weeks ago Neil Gaiman posted photos of a bus. The photos looked strangely familiar and now I know why. I've been seeing it around. I saw something Neil Gaiman posted about while walking around town. It's a strange feeling. Like the one I wrote in Chemistry Nobel post. It feels like something that should be happening far away but instead it's right here. It makes me suddenly realise once again I am living on another continent. Now, it's EU that's ocean away and this is around the corner:

Yesterday was a tough day so I was to tired for this so here's your delayed Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors".

Robert Lefkowitz at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Durham, North Carolina, and Brian Kobilka at Stanford University in California were recognised for their work on G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Receptors are protein complexes sticking out of cells that molecules outside the cells attach to and this causes receptors to start a signalling cascade that lets the cell respond to the outside stimuli. One of the most important class of receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (you probably don't want to know on how many of my exams they appeared). The G in this case is guanosine triphosphate - one of the triphosphate nucleotides. A pool of each nucleotide exist in the cell and, besides being used for DNA synthesis and repair, the highly energy phosphate bonds are used for various cell functions. ATP is cell main energy storing molecule. GTP and the forms it can change to are used mostly in signalling.

In most cases, the protein binds GTP and when something activates the receptor, by binding to it, it results in GTP being hydrolysed to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). The released energy is used to change conformation and then start series of reactions that change cell metabolism. The multitude of changes and complexity of signalling pathways means that this is the basis that makes all life work. It's cell talking, eating, breathing - their (our) whole life is based on the receptor signalling.

This is a very deserved Nobel and I'm happy for both of them. However, it's also made me feel weird because I now work very close to one of the laureates and watching him walk those familiar corridors gave strange feel of disconnection. Somehow it made the whole thing seem unreal. I don't know why. It should be opposite, right?

In today's news - Nobel Prize for Literature went to Chinese author Mo Yan.

Today it's time for the Physics Nobel and it's quantum. Serge Haroche of France and David Wineland of the US got the prize for "ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems".

Serge Haroche at Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris, France, and David Wineland at the US National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Colorado, Boulder both work in the field of quantum optics. They approach on detecting the quantum states of particles from opposite directions - Wineland used photons to measure the properties of ions trapped by electric fields, while Haroche used superconducting mirrors to cage photons making them travel back and forth inside for more than a tenth of a second (long enough to travel 40,000 kilometres - distance equal to Earth equator). Both managed to invent ways to measure and control tiny quantum objects without destroying their fragile states. Normally the "observer" effect would cause the collapse of quantum state. Their methods allow to detect particles to observe them in their natural state. This bodes well for quantum computers, devices that exploit the weird properties of quantum systems to solve problems that stymie ordinary computers.

"The new methods allow them to examine, control and count the particles" which may lead the way to superfast computers and "the most precise clocks ever seen".

It's funny how both this and yesterday's Nobels are for such a sci-fi subjects. Both are about something that's been horribly misused, mostly in B-movie and TV episodes. Stem cells, cloning and all that quantum stuff that's basically magic for SF (and some of the crazier religious leaders). It's been all treated so badly I cringe when I hear anyone on screen (books are usually better researched) mentioning it as I prepare to do mental list of WRONG. It's nice to remember actual science behind it all. It's not made up and it's not magic. It just doesn't work like your paper headline implies.e

It's Nobel week and we'll get a new laureate every day. We start with the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine that was given to two stem cell researchers whose discoveries are over 40 years apart. John Gurdon from the UK and Shinya Yamanaka from Japan were awarded the prize "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent".

Stem cells are the cells that still have ability to turn into different types of specialised cells. That's how embryos are like and then few types of cells in our bodies - ones that produce blood cells or sperm - forever dividing. All the other cells only get limited divisions and use only the genes that are important for their function. They have specialized shape and specialized function and are unable to change. In normal conditions.

Sir John Gurdon 1962 showed in 1962 that if you take genetic material from a fully differentiated adult frog intestine cell and placed it inside a frog egg you will get a frog. Now this is what we know as cloning then it was unknown. It proved that every cell - even non-dividing, mature ones - contain all the genetic information the full organism.

In 2006 Shinya Yamanaka showed that those mature cells could be be reset back to that pluripotent stage and start over developing into a variety of other cell types. He did this by adding four genes to skin cells which transformed them into stem cells then those were able to become specialised cells again. This is what we hope to use to heal organs from hearts after stroke to brain damage to skin.

The Nobel committee said the discovery had "revolutionized our understanding of how cells and organisms develop. The discoveries of Gurdon and Yamanaka have shown that specialized cells can turn back the developmental clock under certain circumstances. These discoveries have also provided new tools for scientists around the world and led to remarkable progress in many areas of medicine."

It's pretty rare now for people to get Nobels so soon after the discovery. I know it's because the need to make sure the discoveries are real but it also undercuts their original goal. They were supposed to help the winners with continuing their careers (that's way they are not awarded posthumously). However, people who get them now are often at the very end of their career. I hope we can get to reward such revolutionary discoveries sooner instead of just saying high time.

You've probably heard about the Nobel in Physiology this year. It was awarded for the breakthroughs in the immunology to Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffman discovered how the body's first line of defence was activated and to Ralph Seinman discovered the dendritic cell, which helps defeat infection. However after the laureates were announced it turned out Ralph Seinman died three days ago. It was so recent that the Nobel committee didn't know about his passing. It created a problem as the awards are only given to living people. There is a rule that if someone dies before the awarding ceremony the award is still theirs but this is the first time someone was already dead when they announced it. There was some confusion what to do in this case but now we know that he will keep the award. The best part of this story is, however, the story of his fight with pancreatic cancer. It is one of the most deadly forms of cancer but he managed to live for four years since his diagnosis thanks to the very discoveries he was awarded the Nobel Prize for. Four years is even better then Nobel.

Wired has a story about The Search for a More Perfect Kilogram. I was sure that by now it is defined by some relation to the constants of nature like second and meter but to my surprise it's still a lump of an alloy of nine-tenths platinum and one-tenth iridium kept in a basement in Paris. This is unacceptable. Kilogram is used as a reference for the mass of everything and while it is and object any changes to that object change mass of everything else. You may think that the change of a dust speck means nothing but when you are measuring stars and planets it's a pretty sudden weight change. And if you think it doesn't concern you because you use pounds remember that pound is defined in relation to kilogram so it changes too. I hope they'll hurry up. This uncertainty is unnerving.

The Bolshoi Simulation a computer simulation of everything. A massive, incredibly detailed model of the whole 14 billion years of our universe. Probably that's why it's called Bolshoi (which means big, great in Russian). They used data from maps of light left over from the Big Bang in for of the cosmic microwave background radiation and theory of dark matter being 25% of everything in the universe and about 80% of all matter to get the normal matter behave how we observe it does in RL. This created incredibly detailed simulation of our Universe showing how many things we observe probably happened. And now we can watch how it happens in visualisations from the simulation data.

This was The Nobel week. Since Monday everyday a new Nobel Laureate was announced. And the controversy followed.

First the Nobel for the Medicine went to the man who devised method for in vitro fertilisation. Robert Edwards pioneered a method that alowed millions of people to have their own children. IVF was controversial since a beginning and in fact Catholic Church is still against it (as well as any kind of assisted fertility treatment). Admittedly these methods waste more zygotes then nature does but treating every one as a baby is a little overreaction. So it was no surprise that the Catholic Church is not happy with him being honoured.

Tuesday was the day for the Physics Nobel and it went to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov for their work on graphene. This is surprising as Nobels nowadays usually go to old scientist who made their discoveries decades ago. The staples of science - either accepted by most or leading to the widely used techniques or equipments (like the one above). This time however scientist are pretty young, especially Novoselov who is just 36. And, although graphene - one atom thick sheet of carbon - is full of interesting possibilities, none of them has been realised yet. It's like the Obama's Nobel - for what it may become. This marks the first time one person is a laureate of both Nobel and Ig Nobel prize. Andre Gaime got Ig Nobel 10 years ago for the famous levitating frog experiment. Many Nobel laureates come to the Ig Nobel ceremonies. Now they have one of their own. I think that is my dream now.

The Nobel Chemistry was another Nobel awarded for research on carbon. It went to Professors Richard Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki for innovative and more efficient ways of linking carbon atoms together to build the complex molecules. This allows for creating complex molecules for medicinal and electronics purposes. This was the method that allowed to built large and precise carbon skeletons of molecules using palladium-catalysed cross couplings. This is as close as we get to nanothech and design molecules. And all the new pharmaceuticals that are tested to help us would be much harder to create without this technique.

Mario Vargas Losa finally got the Nobel for Litreature . For some reason I thought he already had it. This one probably hasn't surprised noone. Except maybe the man himself.

The Peace Prize however made Chinese government mad. In a long standing tradition the award went to a imprisoned dissident Liu Xiaobo one of the leaders in the Tiananmen Square protests. Beijing condemned the award, saying it could damage China-Norway relations. The Chinese think he's a criminal and therefore not suitable to get Nobel awards. Ah, almost like the good all times of cold war. well they can go and sulk. I don't see Nobel committee in Olso changing their minds. It has been announced so it's too late. And Norway's government couldn't have interfered anyway. It's not China after all.

There is still Economics Prize to be announced on Monday but who cares about that (well except the laureate and other economist of course). And it's not a real Nobel anyway.

The vegetarian spider has been discovered or rather its diet has been discovered and caused the sensation. There were some species of spiders that eat a little plant food but this ones diet is 90% herbivorous. It also seems to make it more social. Instead of killing each other these spiders live and eat together. This discovery made it's name very ironic, Bagheera kiplingi, was named after loner predator and turned out to be the opposite.

The Economics Nobel Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel went to Elinor Ostrom and Oliver E. Williamson. This marks the first time a woman was awarded a Nobel in this category. High time. We have 21st century for a while now.

You need a crazy conspiracy theory for your next novel Dan Brown? Look no further then the New York Times where two physicist claim that Higgs boson is conspiring to hide its own existence from us humans. It stopped the USA's Superconducting Super Collider from being built and sabotaged th LHC. By traveling in time. Bet you it also caused the Flash Forward.

And last but not least, the NewScientist has a contest:
To win entry for two people to the Origin Day events in central London plus travel, accomodation and subsistence costs, answer this question in no more than 50 words:

Animals and plants are now evolving in response to humans - for example, hedgehogs are less likely to freeze in headlights, and elephants are losing their tusks. What will the selection pressure imposed by humans produce in the future?

The closing date is 5 pm BST on 19 October 2009. The editor's decision is final.

They'll fly you to London from anywhere in the world, give you a place to stay and you'll take part in the "Origin Day" celebrations in London on 24 November. Just use a little imagination.

NASA's LCROSS spacecraft was sent on mission to determine how much water is there on the Moon. It first fired a rocket into the a lunar crater named Cabeus and then crashed into it itself. Cebeus was chosen because that crater is deep crater, hidden from direct sunlight and scientists though there could be some water there. The even was transmitted live but, unfortunately, the impact debris was not visible to probe. It however saw the crater the rocket created just before it crashed so maybe the Hubble will give us some more data. Poor Moon. First Japanese, now Americans. Doesn't it get bombarded enough by space debris?

Barack Obama got a Nobel Peace Prize. I don't really have a mind about those although it seems like he got it just for being nice to people all over the world and talking to them instead of telling which, however, is a great improvement to before. I suppose he did make the world a little bit better just by being. While Bush evoked feelings from disbelief to aggression, Obama at least makes people want be nice and civilised. But I'm afraid he can not live up to the hype - too much hope for one person to handle. And I wonder what he will do with the money. Taking millions from Norwegians - it's all about oil anyway :P (this is how conspiracy theories are born).

I'm not saying anything about the Literature Nobel winner Herta Müller as I didn't read anything by her and never even heard about her before but she was one of favourites for a while.

I skiped yesterday in the award a day show of Nobel Prize and it was pretty cool - so it's here now. The Nobel Committee awarded the Physics award to people who co-created our digital civilisation. It was split in two:

Half will go to Charles Kao, who did pioneer work in the field of fiber optics, which are now used for the high quality transmission of information. Now it's time thank him for the fast internet and your download capabilities.

The other half will go to two researchers Willard Boyle and George Smith who invented the charge-coupled device (CCD) that is used in digital cameras to capture the world. I (over)use it all the time. Think how this changed our civilisation - pictures that are already digital and that anyone can take and store in gigantic quantities and then share with the world. Thanks to them you are tortured by the hundreds of people's kid and vacation photos. But on the plus side - many ordinary people can pursue their artistic needs with minimal costs, events can be captured by anyone with a phone and the space telescope uses it too.

Combined this two inventions gave us the web culture of today. Once again - can't believe they haven't got it earlier.

Now some use of said tech - space porn thanks to Spitzer Telescope. The largest known planetary ring in the solar system have been discovered while searching for or a belt of debris stemming from one of Saturn's outer moons. This new ring seems to be associated with Phoebe - the far-flung Saturn moon. It's almost invisible in visible light as it's very thin - the pictures are in the infrared. It stretches from 6 to about 12.5 million kilometers from Saturn. Just look yourself (press blue rectangle with white right arrow to see more pictures)

And now after the break today's Nobel Prize in Chemistry. It's once again the obvious one. It goes to people who made vital steps in understanding how ribosomes work biophysicist Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, biochemist Thomas Steitz and molecular biologist Ada Yonath. They are awarded for their work in using x-ray crystallography to get a precise, atomic-scale map of the ribosome. The ribosome is the protein complex that makes all the proteins in the cell. It uses mRNA template to translate the information from gene code into aminoacid sequence of the protein. It's one of the most basic protein complexes that is present, and essential to, in every living organism. Truly deserved.

The first real Nobel Prize was announced today - as always they announce only one category a day and today's was for Physiology or Medicine. The winners are Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak for their research on telomeres - the DNA sequences that ends chromosomes. Telomeres are highly repetitive sequences on the end of chromosomes that don't code anything but are responsible for protecting the ends of chromosomes, play crucial role in meiosis by keeping homologous chromosomes together and are essential for DNA replication. Telomeres have been called the molecular clock as, in animal cells, they get shorter with each cell division. The enzyme telomerase is responsible for giving them their initial length in embryonic cells and gives the stem cells their ability to divide continuously. When I heard about it my first thought was - how come they didn't get it yet. Same was with the one for proteasome. In other words - finally.

PS. Two women - and as we move to more recent times there'll be more.

The funny part was last week when Ig Nobels were awarded to bizzare research - I'm particularly impressed by the number of research on spermicide properties of Cola. And I always felt somebody should make vegetarians feel guilty for eating those plants.

And this week is Nobel Prize week. Not finished yet but all the important ones are already known.
Medicine went to was for sexually transmitted viruses HIV and HPV. AIDS and Herpes two things that make sex scary.
Physics to understanding the beginnings of the universe. This theory where LHC (and other colliders) are practice.
Chemistry is for making life shine. The fluorescent proteins that glow in the dark. Handy for finding your experiments - just need the right wavelength.

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It's Nobel time
All the awesome and the bizarre
Science Nobels of 2013
Quantuum cats haz single photons for laser spots
So it's like we all got a Nobel, right?
Staying in contact
Quantum is the word
Physiology and Medicine
The super important science
The Year of Carbon
Specials
Americans attack Moon and their president wins Peace Prize
And it allows me to be here and do this
Loose Ends
Award Time

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Thoughts, ramblings and other stuff

Entries tagged with nobel

It's Nobel time

All the awesome and the bizarre

Science Nobels of 2013

Quantuum cats haz single photons for laser spots

So it's like we all got a Nobel, right?

Staying in contact

Quantum is the word

Physiology and Medicine

The super important science

The Year of Carbon

Specials

Americans attack Moon and their president wins Peace Prize

And it allows me to be here and do this

Loose Ends

Award Time